الملخص
الملخص
شهد النظام الدولي مع نهاية الحرب الباردة زيادة كبيرة في عدد الشركات الأمنية والعسكرية الخاصة، وباتت تلك الشركات احد الأدوات التي تستخدمها بعض الدول لتحقيق او لتنفيذ سياستها وحماية حدودها ومصالحها الحيوية، ومن هذه الدول روسيا، اذ اعتمدت في بعض الأحيان في تنفيذ سياساتها الخارجية في بعض المناطق على قوات فاغنر .
تحاول هذه الورقة البحثية تسليط الضوء على الشركة العسكرية والأمنية فاغنر من خلال قراءة لتاريخ نشأة هذه الشركة ودورها وأهدافها وأماكن انتشارها وعلاقتها بالكرملن الروسي .
المراجع
مصادر والمراجع
العربية:
1. احمد فريد مولانا ، شركة فاغنر الروسية :النشأة والدور والتأثير ، المعهد المصري للدراسات ، القاهرة
، 2021 .
2. بدر حسن شافعي، دور الشركات العسكرية في الصراعات الافريقية :قوات فاغنر نموذجاً ، مركز الجزيرة للدراسات ، الدوحة، 2023 .
3. لعيساوي كريمة، دور الشركات الأمنية العسكرية الروسية الخاصة فاغنر في افريقيا: نموذج ليبيا،المجلة الجزائرية للدراسات السياسية، المدرسة الوطنية العليا للعلوم السياسية، المجلد 9، العدد 1 ،الجزائر، 2022
4. وثيقة مونترو بشان الالتزازمات القانونية الدولية والممارسات السلمية للدول ذات الصلة بعمليات الشركات والأمنية الخاصة اثناء النزاع المسلح / مونترو 17 أيلول/سبتمبر 2008 ، وثيقة الأمم المتحدة رقم s-467/63/A/2008/363 بتاريخ 6 نشؤين الأول/ أكتوبر 200.
: الأجنبية
1. ALEKSANDER OLECH, The Wagner Group in Africa.The sham battle of Russian mercenaries against terrorism, Terrorism – Studies, Analyses, Prevention, 2024.
2. Anıl Çağlar ERKAN& Ahmet ATEŞ, WAGNER GRUBU’NUN YAPISI VE OPERASYONLARI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME, TOPLUM, EKONOMİ VE YÖNETİM DERGİSİ JOURNAL OF SOCIETY, ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT , Volume 4,2023.
3. Åse Gilje Østensen and Tor Bukkvoll, Russian Use of Private Military and Security Companies - the implications for European and Norwegian Security, osla, (FFI-rapport no. 18/01300),2018 .
4. Erik Herbert Lohmus,The Role of the Wagner Group in the Russo-Ukrainian War, CMC Student Scholarship, Claremont Colleges,2023.
5. Kimberiy marten Russia’s use of semi-state security forces: the case of the Wagner Group, Post-Soviet Affairs, 35(3), barnard college ,Columbia university ,2019.
6. KUTLUHAN GÖRÜCÜ, ARZU BÜNYAD, RUS HAYALET ORDUSU ,WAGNER, SETA Yayınları&Turkuvaz Haberleşme ve Yayıncılık A.Ş., İstanbul ,2020.
7. Michael rizziotti, Russian mercenaries, state responsibility, and the conflict in Syria: A Wagner Group study under international law, Wisconsin Journal of International Law, Vol. 32, No.
8. Neethling, T. (2023). Russian Para-Military Operations in Africa: The Wagner Group as a De Facto Foreign Policy Instrument, Scientia Militaria, 51(1).
9. Schreter,fred &capartnt ,marina,Privatizing Security :Law ,practice and governance of private military and security companies ,Occasional paper (Geneva centere for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, No.6 march 2005.
10. Sukhankin, S.. ‘Continuing War by Other Means’: The Case of Wagner Russia’s Premier Private Military Company in the Middle East. The Jamestown Foundation, (2018)
الانترنيت
1. Anne Barnard, Hwaida Saad & Eric Schmitt, An Eroding Syrian Army Points to Strain, N.Y T IMES (Apr. 28, 2015), https :// www.nytimes.com/2015/04/29/world/middleeast/an-eroding-syrian- army-points-to-strain.html
2. Bax, P. (2021). “Russia’s Influence in the Central African Republic”. International Crisis Group, https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/central-african-republic/russias-influence-central-african-republic
3. Bellingcat, “Putin Chef's Kisses of Death: Russia's Shadow Army's State-run Structure Exposed”, 14 August 2020, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2020/08/14/pmc-structure-exposed/.
4. Bellingcat, “Wagner Mercenaries with GRU-issued Passports: Validating SBU’s Allegation”, 15 January 2019, www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2019/01/30/wagner-mercenaries-with-gru-issued-passports-validating-sbus-allegation/.
5. Belmonte, N. Sudan denies the presence of Russian Wagner Group mercenaries on its territory. 2022,: https://atalayar.com/en/content/sudan-niega-la-presencia¬-de-mercenarios-rusos-del-grupo-wagner-en-su-territorio
6. Conflict intelligence team, https://citeam.org.
7. Denis Korotkov, “Spisok Vagnera,” Fontanka.ru, August 21, 2017, http://www.fontanka.ru/2017/08/18/075/.
8. Deutsche Welle, “Mali Denies Using Russia’s Wagner Mercenaries”, 25 December 2021, www.dw.com/en/ mali-denies-using-russias-wagner-mercenaries/a-60254715;
9. Federica Saini Fasanotti, “The Wagner group’s web in Libya”, 10 Ekim 2023, https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/wagner-libya/
10. Filiz Çulha Zabcı, Yeni Savaşların Gizli Yüzü: Özel Askeri Şirketler Stratejik Rapor No: 56, TASAM, 2018, s. 4, https://tasam.org/Files/PDF/Raporlar/yeni
11. Flanagan, J. Russian mercenaries help put down Sudan protests (2019).: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/russian-mercenaries-help-put-down-sudan¬-protests-vw0gzngq8
12. Giles, K., Akimenko ,Use and utility of Russia´s private military companies’, Journal of Future Conflict –Online Journal, fall 2019 https://www.queensu.ca/psychology/sites/webpublish.
14. Huriye YILDIRIM ÇINAR* & Asena BOZTAŞ , Rusya-Afrika İlişkilerinde Wagner Etkisi ,https://tasam.org/tr-TR/Icerik/72580/rusya-afrika_iliskilerinde_wagner_etkisi
15. J. Stanyard et al., “The Grey Zone: Russia’s Military, Mercenary and Criminal Engagement in Africa”, Global Initiative, 2023, https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/russia-in-africa/;
16. Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Russian Private Military Companies: Their Use and How to Consider Them in Operations, Competition, and Conflict (Fort Meade, MD: Asymmetric Warfare Group, April 2020), https://community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/m/fmso-books/329271.
17. Joseph Siegle and Candace Cook, “Assessing Africa’s 2020 Elections,” Africa Center for Strategic Studies, November 3, 2020, https://africacenter.org/spotlight/highlights-africa-2020-elections ,also : ALEKSANDER OLECH, The Wagner Group in Africa.The sham battle of Russian mercenaries against terrorism, Terrorism – Studies, Analyses, Prevention, 2024,p275.
18. K. Marten, "Where’s Wagner? The All-New Exploits of Russia’s 'Private' Military Company", PONARS Eurasia, 2020b, https://www.ponarseurasia.org/where-s-wagner-the-all-new-exploits-of-russia-s-private-military-company/.
19. Katz, B., Jones, S., Doxsee, C., & Harrington, N. Moscow’s Mercenary Wars: The Expansion of Rus¬sian Private Military Companies. (2020). from Center for Strategic and International Studies website: https://russianpmcs.csis.org/
20. Katz, B., Jones, S., Doxsee, C., & Harrington, N. Moscow’s Mercenary Wars: The Expansion of Rus¬sian Private Military Companies., from Center for Strategic and International Studies, (2020).: https://russianpmcs.csis.org/
21. Letrone, W. and Cabus, T. (2023). The Wagner Group and the Question of the Legal Attribution of the Acts of Private Actors to a State. Cambridge Core Blog, https://www.cambridge.org/core/blog/2023/07/24/the-wagner-group-and-the-question-of-the-legal-attribution-of-the-acts-of-private-actors-to-a-state/
22. Letrone, W. and Cabus, T. (2023). The Wagner Group and the Question of the Legal Attribution of the Acts of Private Actors to a State. Cambridge Core Blog, https://www.cambridge.org/core/blog/2023/07/24/the-wagner-group-and-the-question-of-the-legal-attribution-of-the-acts-of-private-actors-to-a-state/
23. Ott, H., Breen, K. and Duarte D. (2023). What İs The Wagner Group, And Who İs Yevgeny Prigozhin? What To Know About The Russian Private Military Company. CBS News, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wagner-group-who-is-yevgeny-prigozhin-russia-mercenary-private-military-company
24. queensu.ca.psycwww/files/files/Journal%20of%20Future%20Conflict/Issue%201%20Fall%202019/Keir_Giles_and_Valeriy_Akimenko-Use_and_Utility_of_Russias_Private_Military_Companies.pdf.
25. Rosia say ,26000 troops have seem combat in Syria ,BBC news ,23 aug,2018, https :// www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-45284121
26. Rossiyskie neofashysty na sluzhbe Rossii pod prikrytiem CHVK ‘Vagnera’,” Informnapalm, June 1, 2018, https://informnapalm.org/43865-rossijskie-neofashisty-na-sluzhbe-rossii-pod-prikrytiem-chvk-vagnera/.
27. Sam Dagher,Assad is desperate for soldiers ,Atlantic,14 may 2018, http://www.theatlic .com/international/archive/2018/05/Syria-assad-conscription -refugees-labanon/560282.
28. Steve Holland, “Exclusive: US Says Russia’s Wagner Group Bought North Korean Weapons for Ukraine War, https://www.reuters.com/world/us-says-russias-wagner-group-bought-north-korean-weapons-ukraine-war-2022-12-22/.
29. Thomas grove ,up to nine Russian contractors die in Syrian , https :// www.wsj.com/articles/up-to-nine-russian,
“Wagner Equipment”, https://www.defense.gov/Multimedia/Photos/igphoto/2002464197/