The Iraqi Journal of Political Science (IJPS) is a quarterly, peer-reviewed, and open-access scientific journal published by the Iraqi Association for Political Science. It focuses on publishing research and studies specializing in political science (political systems, political thought, and international studies). Publisher: Iraqi Association for Political Science Address: Iraq - Baghdad / Al-Jadriya / Al-Nahrain University / College of Political Science Building International Standard Serial Number: P-ISSN: 2710-2653 E-ISSN: E-ISSN: 2960-253X Deposit Number at the National Library and Archives of Iraq, Baghdad: 2375 for the year 2019.
The impact of trade cooperation between Iraq and Iran on Iraqi economic growth for the period 2008-2023
Abstract This study addressed the basics of both trade cooperation and economic growth, in addition to clarifying the relationship between exports and imports between Iraq and Iran for the period (2008-2023) on the one hand and economic growth in Iraq on the other hand, through analyzing the reality of the study variables economically. A descriptive approach was used to analyze the data of the selected macroeconomic variables. The study proved that trade cooperation between Iraq and Iran was not equal, as Iraq imports ten times what it exports to it. It also proved that the structure of the Iraqi GDP is one-sided, distorted, and unbalanced due to its almost complete dependence on revenues from the sale of crude oil. The study came out with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is that Iraq must take corrective steps to address the inequality of its trade with Iran, such as imposing taxes on Iraqi imports from Iran, supporting industry and agriculture, controlling border crossings, activating the customs tariff law, diversifying the structure of Iraqi exports and reducing dependence on imports of crude oil sales, working to increase exports of manufactured materials and reduce exports of raw materials, in addition to reducing imports of food and consumer goods and growing imports of investment goods.
The Role of Popular Mobilization in Managing Iraq’s National Security Risks
Abstract The Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) are considered one of the most significant transformations that contributed to enhancing the state’s resilience in facing risks. These formations were characterized by high flexibility and rapid response to threats, particularly the threat posed by ISIS, which was the primary reason for the formation of this force. Once the deterrence equation was introduced alongside the armed forces, it became an added and complementary strength to the Iraqi military, marking a pivotal shift in its structure and in the nature of its combat strategy. The PMF managed, with high strategic performance and adaptability to planning and coordination with the armed forces, despite the limited overlap period, to confront the ISIS threat and liberate all of Iraqi territory. It thus became a new model in managing Iraq’s national security risks. Over time, it has become an active and principal tool, with a strong field and moral presence in addressing all risks and crises faced by Iraq’s national security, whether traditional or non-traditional.
Levels and motives of development policies for local governments in Iraq after 2003
Abstract The political changes that occurred in Iraq after 2003 were characterized by developments, most of which were related to the societal aspect. Development policies represented a response and a necessity for the development and change imposed by reality, and for establishing a cohesive political and economic system compatible with the structure of the state, which was rebuilt according to the decentralization system in both its aspects. Therefore, this research will provide an introduction to the levels and motivations of local government development policies in Iraq, explaining the relationship and interconnectedness between development policies and local governance in Iraq after 2003.
Institutionalizing Historical Memory, National Identity and Diversity Management in Iraq after 2003
Abstract There is a big difference when we study memory from the perspective of the nature of its content, and between studying it from the perspective of how that content is employed for specific purposes and interests and according to specific methods. That is, when memory becomes a target towards which the authority directs its attention in order to derive from it the justifications for its existence and the reasons for its continuity, by presenting a discourse of memory to the group based in essence on the duality of intentionality and selectivity, that is, the transmission of certain events from the past in exchange for the absence of others according to hidden or declared intentions in order to establish an official and then crystallize an identity that is consistent with its interests. The authority is keen to possess and embody the founding myths as the basic element in building its collective identity. Here, historical memory becomes an important tool in the hands of the political elite to strengthen its control and legitimacy by using memory, exploiting it, and employing it ideologically and politically. Scholars identify times of political crisis as times when memory is active, as the exploitation of memory and its biased, politically and ideologically employed use flourishes strongly, as if the political crisis and the use of memory proceed along two intertwined and conflicting lines, each feeding the other with reasons for power. The authorities often call for the formation of an official memory that embodies the group’s past, through various means, including projects to rewrite the nation’s history, in order to build a common identity based on the revival of a memory selected in a studied and systematic manner, which is an official national memory.
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Development Road Project in Iraq: Challenges and Ways to Overcome Them
Abstract The Development Road Project in Iraq is one of the most important strategic initiatives aimed at transforming the country into a logistical and commercial hub connecting the East and the West. Starting from Al-Faw Port in the south to the northern borders with Turkey, it enhances connectivity with Europe. The project aims to support the Iraqi economy, create job opportunities, and achieve sustainable development. However, it faces economic, political, administrative, security, environmental, and technological challenges.The economic challenges include the need for massive investments in infrastructure and the heavy reliance on oil as the main source of funding, in addition to a weak investment environment. Political challenges include political instability, bureaucracy, and administrative corruption. Security challenges require providing a safe environment for the project, while environmental challenges involve the need to consider environmental sustainability. To overcome these challenges, it is proposed to enhance investment in infrastructure, diversify the economy, improve the business environment, combat corruption, foster international cooperation, strengthen security, reform legislation, and develop human resources, while emphasizing environmental sustainability and flexibility in planning and implementation. The Development Road Project is considered a significant opportunity to support the Iraqi economy and achieve sustainable development. Through effective investment and international cooperation, Iraq can become a global trade hub, enhancing its economic and political standing.
Distribution of powers between the federal central government, regions, governorates, districts, and districts
Abstract One of the most important requirements for the establishment of a state with a federal federal system is the sharing of competencies between the federal authorities and the authorities of the regions and governorates that are not organized in a region. Without this division of competencies, it is not possible to come up with a stable federal political system. And the provinces came in chapters four and five of the constitution, and the constitutional legislator followed the method of mentioning the competencies of the federal government exclusively, and otherwise the matter to decide on it is up to the regions, and in organizing the competencies of the authorities of the regions, the Iraqi constitution indicated that everything that does not fall within the exclusive competencies of the authority The priority in applying the law is the regions and governorates that are not organized in a region in the event of a dispute between them.
The repercussions of the Tunisian crisis in 2011 on Egypt: an analysis of the impact and influence
Abstract The protests in Tunisia and Egypt in 2011 were part of events known as the "Arab Spring", one of the most prominent events in the modern Arab era, due to the political changes that clearly affected the region. Tunisia was the first country to witness these protests following the suicide of the vendor Mohamed Bouazizi, in the context of issues of human rights violations, unemployment and corruption in the country that led to the fall of President Ben Ali and his exile abroad on January 14, 2011. These events constituted a turning point with the transfer of the crisis and public discontent to Egypt and the outbreak of the January 25, 2011 revolution, inspired by the victory of the demonstrations in Tunisia. The revolution resulted in the removal of President Mubarak, and the spread of the revolution in most Arab countries through demonstrations and protest movements against the ruling regimes, aiming to change the reality of these regimes, taking different forms, including peaceful or armed.
The Implications of the United Kingdom’s Withdrawal from the European Union
Abstract The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union, commonly known as Brexit, has had profound economic, political, and social implications for both the UK and the EU. This paper explores the post-Brexit challenges and opportunities faced by the UK, with a focus on its evolving position on the global stage. The study examines key aspects of the UK’s post-Brexit economy, such as its trade relationships with non-EU countries, the flexibility in policymaking, and the potential for innovation in sectors like technology and finance. Additionally, the paper highlights the significant shifts in the labor market and immigration policies and the ways in which the UK can leverage these changes to its advantage. By analyzing these factors, the paper outlines the prospects for a renewed British economy and its potential to adapt and thrive in a rapidly changing global landscape. The findings suggest that while Brexit presents certain risks, it also offers a unique opportunity for the UK to redefine its global identity and pursue a path of economic sustainability and technological innovation
African Continent (inlight of) Security and economic competition between United States of America and Russian Federation
The African continent has acquired a special status and importance, particularly with the beginning of the third millennium AD, which placed it at the heart of the international and regional competitive strategies of the major powers. The most important areas witnessing fierce competition between the United States and the Russian Federation on the African continent are the economic and military-security fields. In the economic field, competition is concentrated in commercial and investment activities and primarily in the energy sector, while the military-security aspect is witnessing parallel competition, particularly in the field of establishing military bases and intelligence and security offices, in addition to competition in the field of establishing military and security partnerships with the countries of the continent and coordination in the field of combating terrorism, organized crime, illegal immigration, piracy, and others. Despite the clear power differential in favor of the United States, both powers have special relations with some allies from certain political systems and governments, and they have a system of special interests in the African continent that they work to achieve according to their available capabilities and based on the extent of their awareness of the importance of these interests and their special desire to achieve them and through various mechanisms.
Turkish foreign policy towards the Palestinian issue during the Justice and Development Party era
Turkish foreign policy witnessed a major shift in its strategy after the Justice and Development Party took over, especially in terms of its relationship with its Arab and Islamic surroundings, after Turkey had been adopting a trend towards the West and making efforts to join the European Union. The reason is due to Türkiye’s attempt to have an influential regional role on the regional scene that international powers can rely on in the region. As a result of this shift, Turkey gave the Palestinian cause great importance in its foreign policy by supporting the Palestinian cause and supporting the Palestinian factions and condemning the attacks carried out by Israel against Palestinian citizens, which gave Turkey an important position in the region and in the Islamic world due to its policies.
Social reintegration of refugee camps in Iraq
The issue of social reintegration of displaced persons in Iraq is one of the most pressing humanitarian and social issues in light of the challenges left by the waves of displacement resulting from armed conflicts and political unrest in the country, especially after the events of 2014. Displaced persons suffer from multiple difficulties, including social isolation, deteriorating economic conditions, and the severing of ties with their original communities, which makes their reintegration a complex process that requires a comprehensive and sustainable approach
The tribe and federal system: United Arab Emirates is an example
The United Arab Emirates emerged as an Arabic experience in the federal model and what encourage to this is the tribalism dye which belong to these emirates and governed by tribalism sheikhdoms and give the legitimacy to this experience to be applied to produce a mature and successful formula for the union a satis factory and fruitful one for the whole emirates to achieve the wishes of tribal chiefs and princes . also the wishes of the societies of those emirates in this political , economic and social initiative . as well as many other factors that contributed directly either indirectly in the emergence of the core of union and the emergence of the union after it also , as an Arab experience , it demonstrated its will and thoughts , and it matched the will of its rulers with the will of its people and it was a guiding force in the actual application of the federal model and its stability despite the challenges that accompanied the emergence of the union , and some of them were great obstacles against the establishment of this union and the future challenges facing the UAE as well . but if it is compared to many developing countries , whether Arab in particular on non _Arab , it is a precedent for them in many ways in progress and development in all fields
Diplomatic means in resolving international conflicts (Selected models)
Abstract Relations between states are not always stable and calm, and the conflict of interests of these states often leads to conflict between them, and the wisdom dictates in such a case that these states should seek to settle the conflict amicably, and not to resort to violent means unless necessary. Since the end of the last century, the efforts of peace-loving politicians have been directed towards replacing peaceful means with force in the settlement of international disputes.for this purpose, major conferences were held, such as The Hague Conference in 1899 and 1907, in which a set of provisions were decided to settle international disputes by peaceful means. this research deals with the role of diplomatic means in settling international disputes, identifying diplomatic means for settling international disputes, and identifying the nature of decisions resulting from peaceful means used in settling international disputes. It is derived from: the settlement of international disputes is carried out on the basis of respect for the principle of sovereign equality between states, and in accordance with the principle of free choice of means of settlement, taking into account the non-arbitrariness of the state in using its right to choose the means of settlement. the determination of the means of settlement is up to the will of the parties to the conflict, who have the freedom to determine it either by agreement between them before any dispute arises or by agreement after the dispute arises
The problematic relationship between Iraqi government performance and peace building after 2014
Abstract The controversial relationship between government performance and peace building arouses the interest of researchers because of its importance in clarifying the extent to which the government is able to maintain its stability and perform its functions in a way that meets the requirements of the public, including maintaining security and order, providing public services and living a decent life away from poverty and deprivation. The government performance in Iraq after 2014 faced several challenges, including: accumulated security, political, economic and social challenges that have collectively destabilized the internal stability and hindered the process of building a sustainable peace, which was reflected in the discontent of citizens and their coming out with popular demonstrations demanding to improve the service reality, provide job opportunities and eliminate poverty, deprivation and corruption. To face these challenges and achieve long-term sustainable community peace, several possibilities should be adopted, including: security, political, economic and Social, which together will create the appropriate conditions for providing security, maintaining order, achieving government stability and rationalizing government performance, which is reflected in achieving community satisfaction and thus achieving a high level of legitimacy of the government's achievement
The general budget of governorates not organized within a region and its legal system
In the post-2003 period, the financial policy of the central government in general and the financial policy of the local government in particular suffered from multiplicity and slowness in the stages of decision-making, which had negative repercussions on many areas, perhaps the most important of which were the decline in economic growth, the spread of unemployment, and the loss of economic resources. This was clearly evident in the process of preparing the budget of the governorates that are not organized in a region, in addition to the political orientations, inside and outside the local councils, and their impact on the financial policy of the local government, especially with regard to the local budget. Therefore, this study came to clarify the legal organization of the general budget of the governorates that are not organized in a region and the tools of financial policy.
Jordan’s foreign policy toward Iraq after 2014
This study aimed to identify Jordan's foreign policy towards Iraq after 2014. Jordanian-Iraqi relations after 2014 took on political, economic and security dimensions that influenced Jordan's foreign policy towards Iraq. The economic factor, represented by Jordan's need for oil resources, was the most influential factor on Jordan's foreign policy towards Iraq after 2014. Jordan was keen to benefit from its economic relations with Iraq to the maximum extent possible, especially in light of Iraq's need for Jordan, which resulted from the political, security and economic conditions that Iraq has been experiencing since 2003, which further worsened after the Islamic State (ISIS) took control of much of Iraq. This doubled the importance of the security factor in guiding Jordan's foreign policy towards Iraq. Jordanian-American relations constitute the main determinant upon which Jordanian foreign policy decision-makers rely in guiding their decisions towards Iraq, especially in light of the American-Iranian conflict over the Iranian nuclear file and the regional problems resulting from Iran's expansionist policy in Iraq in particular and the Arab region in general.
The US-China rivalry in Africa is one of the most prominent manifestations of the geopolitical and economic conflict in the modern era, as both sides seek to enhance their influence in Africa by providing huge investments, development projects, and military presence. China relies on the Belt and Road Initiative to strengthen trade and investment relations with African countries, while the United States relies on policies to support democracy and humanitarian aid. This competition on the continent has become an opportunity for some African countries to improve their economic and development conditions, but at the same time it threatens to increase polarization and impose pressure on African countries
Accession of the Islamic Republic of Iran to BRICS Opportunities and challenges
Abstract Iran's accession to BRICS represents a significant geopolitical and economic event, opening new horizons for economic cooperation and increasing Iran's influence in the international arena. However, this accession comes with significant challenges that require Iran to adapt its economy and foreign policies to meet the group's membership requirements. Iran has sought for years to diversify its trading partners and move away from dependence on the West, especially after the imposition of economic sanctions. Iran may seek to benefit from the vast markets of the BRICS countries and enhance trade and investment exchanges, as Iran's accession to BRICS represents a challenge to Western hegemony over the global economic system. By joining BRICS, Iran seeks to enhance its national security and protect its interests in the region.
The tasks of the political elite and their influence on the Iraqi political reality after the year 2003))
Abstract The political elite gains the most influential role among other elites in political work based on the democratic models of contemporary political systems, as it has an advanced position in society by virtue of the role and size of the responsibilities it undertakes. It is described as the elite of elites in the field of political practice and upbringing and instilling national belonging that achieves the comprehensive identity of social components. It also represents one of the pillars of stability and guarantees its effectiveness. The political change in Iraq after the year (2003) led to a number of new manifestations on the part of the institutional structures as well as the cultural frameworks reinforced with democratic values, unlike what preceded the years of change, which was reflected in the depth of the gap between the culture of society and its customs enshrined in its behaviors and what is dictated by the new reality that imposes the existence of effective political bodies and organizations that absorb the manifestations of democratic transition and are able to produce a conscious political elite that realizes the importance of the function for which it was created as an effective means to bridge the gap between the reality of society and the aspirations towards a sound political system capable of promoting the welfare of society and expanding its capabilities. However, in contrast to that, the role of the Iraqi political elite came with slow achievement and not expressing the aspirations of the masses, which was enshrined in many deviations from the path of political treatments and constitutional and institutional foundations, which prompted us to research this problem and identify the sites of failure or constraints on efficient performance, whether in relation to the intellectual and cultural frameworks that guide the political elites or from the side of practical practices that led to the accumulation of crises and the complexity of the solution steps, and then it was proposed A set of treatments that we realize are important in reforming the reality and resuming the role of the political elite in raising the effectiveness of the political system and ensuring its stability, reinforced by rational performance that achieves the desired goals.
Political moderation and its role in achieving peaceful coexistence in Iraq after 2003
There is no doubt that political moderation enhances national unity, supports the rebuilding of democratic institutions, reduces conflicts, and contributes to finding fair solutions to economic and social problems, which creates a stable environment that helps achieve coexistence among all components of Iraqi society. Political moderation also plays a major role in reducing the intensity of sectarian and ethnic conflicts and enhancing national stability. It is characterized by flexibility and balance, which helps achieve peaceful coexistence, by clarifying the problems that stand in the way of achieving peaceful coexistence, in addition to the most prominent mechanisms for achieving peaceful coexistence in Iraq
The expansion of the Saudi strategy's roles in regional crises
Despite the state of change to which the Arab region was subjected, which surprised everyone with the speed of its expansion, the extension of the crisis into the Yemeni interior is considered a critical point for Saudi Arabia, and these developments will be a test of the Saudi strategic performance. The repercussions of the Yemeni crisis had the most impact on Saudi national security, both on the level Regional or internal, Saudi Arabia has realized the gravity of the state of neglect towards Yemen in previous years and the exploitation of this by external parties competing with it for regional control, so it was obligated to provide all support for the survival of its allies. The formation of the Arab coalition led by Saudi Arabia is also considered a regional development in reshaping the regional axes and correcting the course of the violation. In regional balance. Hence, given the strategic importance of the Arabian Gulf region in the Middle East, it has been the subject of regional and international attention, which has prompted Saudi Arabia to increase its focus on confronting the emerging challenges in the region within the framework of a strategy that relies on building its economic and military role and capabilities, allowing it to confront rapid unrest in cooperation with allies. Regionally, Saudi Arabia sought to gain influence and status as an effective power, especially after the decline witnessed in its policies in recent years.
Türkiye's position in the dynamics of strategic corridors of international trade The Iraqi Development Road Project as a model
Abstract The study examines the characteristic of change that the Middle East region has undergone and its geopolitical transformations in the prevailing relations in the region, especially with the emergence of the importance of the Turkish role as a rising power in regional and international interactions, due to its strategic geographical location, which constitutes a transformational path in the position that its location gives it towards its sphere of influence on the regional arena, especially in the path of strategic corridors, most notably the Iraqi Development Road, which represents a great momentum for it and an incentive to present itself as a central power in the region on the one hand, and on the other hand, Turkish efforts face a challenge in light of the increasing regional competition in the field of crossing projects and international transport routes. Accordingly, this Turkish effectiveness is formed from the approach of Turkey's awareness that achieving its regional and international ambitions in its strategic directions is linked to reshaping the tools of economic influence due to its vital geography by integrating the Iraqi Development Road project with the environment of its interactions with its surrounding neighborhood and its geopolitical scope. The study concluded that the regional transformations in the Middle East region have given Turkey a wider space to move strategically in the region by engaging in regional arrangements with strategic dimensions.
The Role of the Secretary-General of the United Nations in Environmental Security and Sustainable Development
Abstract Environmental pollution is one of the threats that affect human existence; therefore, it should be included in the preservation of international peace and security. The Secretary-General of the United Nations must play an active role in this area. Protecting the environment is a modern topic that international law and organizations have focused on, as it concerns human life, which is referred to as the right to life. Environmental pollution has serious effects on human life, causing the rapid spread of diseases. Freeing humans from a polluted environment means freeing them from annihilation and destruction. Protecting the environment means protecting wildlife and aquatic life, as well as safeguarding natural systems and utilizing them in a way that ensures their sustainability according to a balanced natural system without wasting available resources to achieve sustainable development.
Private military and security companies: a Wagner case study
Abstract With the end of the Cold War, the international system witnessed a significant increase in the number of private security and military companies, and these companies became one of the tools that some countries use to achieve or implement their policies and protect their borders and vital interests. Among these countries is Russia, which has sometimes relied on some countries to implement its foreign policies areas on Wagner's forces This research paper attempts to shed light on the military and security company Wagner through a reading of the history of the emergence of this company, its role, goals, locations of its deployment, and its relationship with the Russian Kremlin
The international role in enhancing cybersecurity
Abstract International cooperation to enhance cyber security is vital in addressing cyber threats that transcend national borders. Cyber security risks have significantly increased due to the growing reliance on digital technology worldwide. Therefore, addressing these threats requires collaboration between countries, international organizations, and the private sector. International cooperation involves the exchange of information and expertise, the development of joint strategies, the enhancement of training and defense capabilities, as well as the creation of coordinated legal policies to combat cyber crimes. Additionally, cooperation between the public and private sectors fosters the development of innovative technological solutions to combat cyber attacks, thereby enhancing the ability to respond to threats more quickly and effectively.
Kiasu and the Political Rights of Minorities in Singapore
Abstract Minorities exist in most countries around the world, and each minority possesses specific elements that qualify it for political rights, including the right to participate in political affairs, the right to belong to political parties, the right to run for Nominate and vote, and all other rights that can contribute to enhancing minority political participation. The phenomenon of kiasu in Singapore is one of the most significant issues affecting the political rights of minorities in terms of participation in electoral processes, involvement in minority parties, or holding senior positions in the state. This phenomenon, which involves fear of losing to other parties, has hindered the participation of minority citizens and parties in state administration, policy formulation, and decision-making. This has led to the concentration of power in the hands of the majority, which represents Singaporeans of Chinese origin.
The social impacts of political crises in Iraq: an analysis of social divisions
Abstract Since the American occupation of Iraq in 2003, the American administration has worked to perpetuate sectarian strife and deepen social divisions within Iraqi society, which has contributed significantly to the existence of multiple cracks between various components, especially in light of the political investment of the United States in keeping the country in a state of weakness and dependence, for fear of gaining its independence, and after the end of the American occupation and the withdrawal of American troops, Iraq suffered from the effects of this occupation with its chaos negative effects, etc It was followed by the terrorism crisis and its spread in the country, which in turn constituted a security, political and ideological crisis, due to its nature and the deepening of social divisions of a sectarian and tribal nature, as well as political, in light of the rivalry of forces, currents and parties, and the existence of an unstable security reality at the country level.
The west –phobia in the contemporary Islamic political though
Abstract This the study concerned ( The west-phobia in contemporary Islamic political thought) to reveal that the contemporary Islamic political thought expressed its concerns about the phenomenon of the globalization of the western political and cultural model , because of the negative effects on the Islamic world aimed at wreaking and dominating it . To show this , the study was evaluated to three sections : The first section concerned the identification of concepts , the second section appropriated the phobia of globalization the western political model in contemporary Islamic thought . the third section concerned the phobia of globalization the western cultural model in contemporary Islamic thought . finally the study reached to results about subject matter
Employing U.S. Alliances in President Obama's Strategy to Contain China
Abstract Through this research, we try to explore the centrality of alliances in the strategy launched by the administration of President Barack Obama entitled "Balance in Asia" to contain the rise or "Chinese threat", as the network of American alliances established after World War II has always played a key role in the containment strategy of the former Soviet Union, during the Cold War era. The Obama administration has tried to follow this alliance approach to contain China, as it is a less costly and more effective approach for the United States, especially after the administration of President George W. Bush and the neoconservatives drained the energy of the United States in waging wars, expanding commitments and engaging in global issues.
Epistemological rupture in contemporary Western political thought
Abstract The concept of cognitive rupture was used in two basic fields: science and philosophy. In the field of science, this concept was linked to the French thinker (Gaston Bachelard), and he wanted him to say: Science does not grow and advance through succession and communication in a continuous and extended movement from the past to the present and from the old to the new, but rather Science grows and advances through rupture and separation. This idea was transferred to political thought, as it was employed by (Foucault) in the framework of his reading of European thought, and (Althusser) in the framework of his reading of the ideas of ) Karl Marx(