US relations with the Zionist entity since 2011

Abstract

    The primary objective of the study was to investigate and analyze the reasons for the exceptional relationship between the United States and the Zionist entity, and how the changes in relations since 2011 have affected this exceptional relationship, the study utilized rational choice theory. The study attributes the exceptional relationship between the two countries to three main factors: the strategic importance of Israel as a secure, permanent military base for the United States in the region; the religious and cultural ties that bind the United States to Israel; and finally, and most importantly, the overwhelming influence of the Zionist lobby in the United States. Hence, the absolute US support, especially from the US president, for the entity, which may come in advance or at the expense of US interests at times. This support is considered a rational choice based on rational choice theory, as opposing the interests of the entity may cause significant losses for the US president. However, despite this, the changes witnessed in relations between the two sides will likely not lead in the short term to an end to absolute US support for the entity; rather, they are likely to affect the degree of this support in the long term. The most prominent of these changes is the decline of US involvement in the region, as support for the entity has become an obstacle to Washington's complete withdrawal from the region in order to focus on the Chinese threat in the Pacific. Also, there is the significant change in the social and political structure within the United States due to the increasing number of immigrants. As a result of this change, there has been significant opposition to the entity and absolute American support for it, which has been clearly evident in the war of extermination waged by the entity in Gaza.

pdf (Arabic)

References

قائمة المصادر

أولا- باللغة العربية

1. أحمد ياسر عبد العظيم، "السياسة الخارجية الأمريكية تجاه إسرائيل في عهد بايدن.. بين الثابت والمتغير"، آفاق استراتيجية، العدد 8، مركز المعلومات ودعم اتخاذ القرار-مجلس الوزراء المصري، ديسمبر 2023.

2. إيهاب ماجد حسين ندى، محددات المقاربة الأمريكية لإدارة بايدن تجاه عملية السلام في ظل عدم استقرار الحكومات الإسرائيلية، رسالة ماجستير: غير منشورة، فلسطين: جامعة النجاح الوطنية، 2022

3. علجية بن محى الدين، "العلاقات الأمريكية الإسرائيلية: المجال الأمني والعسكري أنموذجا"، رسالة ماجستير: غير منشورة، الجزائر: جامعة مولود معمري تيزى-وزو، 2017،

4. عمرو عبد العاطي، "الخلاف الأمريكي-الإسرائيلي المتصاعد.. الأسباب والتداعيات"، مركز الأهرام للدراسات السياسية والاستراتيجية، 31يوليو، 2023، تاريخ الدخول : 9 أكتوبر 2024، https://acpss.ahram.org.eg/News/20964.aspx.

5. عمر طاشبينار، "استراتيجية بايدن تجاه حرب غزة والصراع الفلسطيني-الإسرائيلي: هل اقتربت من نقطة التحول؟"، مركز الإمارات للسياسات، 5 إبريل 2024، تاريخ الدخول 8 أكتوبر، 2024 https://epc.ae/ar/details/featured/astiratijiat-baydin-tujah-harb-ghaza-walsirae-alfilastini-al-israyili.

6. دانه العنزي، "الالتزام الأميركي الأبدي بحماية إسرائيل"، جريدة الرأي الكويتية، 16 سبتمبر 2024، تاريخ الدخول 2 أكتوبر 2024https://www.alraimedia.com/article/1701324/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%.

7. مروة حامد البدرى، "نظرية الاختيار العقلاني وبدائلها في السياسة الخارجية والعلاقات الدولية"، سياسات عربية، العدد 41، نوفمبر 2021

ثانيا- باللغة الإنجليزية

1. Andrew T. Guzman, How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory, Oxford University Press, 2008.

2. Andreas Krieg, "The War In Gaza, The Decline Of US Leadership And The Emergence Of A Networked Regional Order", Mediterranean Politics, May 2024.

3. Alfred Lovnér, Israel, Russia And The US: A Strange Triangular Relationship An Analysis Of An Unexpected Alliance And Its Rationality, Master's Thesis, Sweden: Linnaeus University, 2023.

4. Aida Sirmanshahi, The United States and Israel A study of attitude of the past five United State presidents toward Israel and the Middle East conflict, Master's Thesis, Sweden: linneuniversitetet, 2020.

5. Abdallah I. A. Mousa, "American Foreign Policy Towards Israel National Interest or Burden", International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR), Vol. 6, No. 3, May-June 2024.

6. Afif Sabwanto, "Religion Norms in Foreign Policy Analysis: Dispensationalism As US Foreign Policy’s Determinant During Trump's Reign", Technium Social Sciences Journal, Vol. 45, 2023.

7. Ben Norton, "Why does the US support Israel?", Geopolitical Economy, 2023-11-12, accessed: 11 October, 2024, https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/11/12/why-us-support-israel-geopolitics-michael-hudson/.

8. Banu Eligur, "The ‘Arab Spring’: Implications For US –Israeli Relations", Israel Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2014.

9. Daniel Byman, Seth G. Jones, and Alexander Palmer, "Escalating to War between Israel, Hezbollah, and Iran", CSIS BRIEFS, Center for Strategic & International Studies, October 4, 2024.

10. Eran Etzion, "The Next Administration and Recalibrating U.S.-Israeli Ties", MEI Policy Focus, No. 9, Middle East Institute, 2016.

11. Eldad Shavit and Rotem Oreg, "United States-Israel Relations: Challenges and Response", The Institute for National Security Studies, November 8, 2022, accessed: 9 October 2024, https://www.inss.org.il/publication/usa-israel-relations/.

12. Eytan Gilboa, "US-Israel relations at 75", Israel Affairs, Vol. 29, No. 3, 2023.

13. Evaggelia Kalerante and others, "Approach and Application of the Rational Choice Theory in Decisions, Interests and Preferences of the Active Players in the Migration Crisis (2014-18): the Interactive Role of the European Union and the Turkish Policy", Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, Vol. 16, No.6, 2022.

14. Efraim Inbar, "Iran and Israel: The Inevitable War?", De Gruyter, Sirius, 2020.

15. John Karkazis, "U.S. - Israel Relations: Problems, Challenges And Perspectives", Working Paper, Center Of Strategic Studies, January 2023.

16. Jonathan Spyer, "Political Islam Now Commands the Middle East", The Spectator, Middle East Forum, October 21, 2023, https://www.meforum.org/political-islam-now-commands-the-middle-east.

17. Jon Hoffman, "Israel Is a Strategic Liability for the United States", Commentary, Cato Institute, accessed: 3 October 2024, March 22, 2024, https://www.cato.org/commentary/israel-strategic-liability-united-states.

18. Kali Robinson, "What Is U.S. Policy on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict?", Council on Foreign Relations, July 12, 2023, accessed: 3 October, 2024, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-us-policy-israeli-palestinian-conflict.

19. Louise Fawcett and Andrew Payne, "Stuck on a hostile path? US policy towards Iran since the revolution", Contemporary Politics, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2023.

20. Linda K George, "Rational choice theories: Contribution and Limitations", Journal of the American Society of CLU & ChFC, 1998.

21. Mari Carmen Forriol, Development of the Roadmap of Political Zionism in the State of Israel, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2023.

22. Robert D. Blackwill and Philip H. Gordon, "Repairing the U.S.-Israel Relationship", Council Special Report, No. 76, Council on Foreign Relations, November 2016.

23. Sarah Kirabo Petersson, The U.S.-Israeli Relationship During the Bush, Obama, and Trump Administrations. A Qualitative Case Study of the U.S.-Israeli Relationship Using Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism Theories, Master's Thesis, Sweden: linneuniversitetet, 2022.

24. Seth Anziska, "Israel and the U.S", Great Decision, No.2, 2014.

25. Thomas R. Pickering and others, "Weighing Benefits and Costs of Military Action Against Iran", The Iran Project, 2012.

26. Yoram Ettinger, "President Biden and the Muslim Brotherhood trap", Jewish news syndicate, Feb. 14, 2021, https://www.jns.org/president-biden-and-the-muslim-brotherhood-trap/.